Before beginning this exercise, review the guidelines below for writing a one-paragraph summary.
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1.
As you read the article, underline the first and
last sentences of each paragraph.
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Directions: As you read the
article, underline the first and last sentences of each paragraph.
by Ann Marris
Rubella,
mumps, and smallpox are acute viral diseases. They were once
considered to be common childhood illnesses. Rubella, first described in German
medical literature in 1814, was initially thought to be a variant of measles or
scarlet fever. In contrast, symptoms of the second disease, mumps, were
described by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C. However, mumps was viewed primarily as an illness affecting
armies. Smallpox is a highly contagious viral disease that used to develop into
worldwide epidemics. However, nowadays, it has been nearly eradicated. This
essay will look at these three diseases.
The
first aspect to be investigated is cause. Infection by a virus,
the rubella virus, leads to rubella. It is classified as a togavirus. It is an
enveloped RNA virus that does not cross-react with other members of the
togavirus group. This virus is relatively unstable. It is rapidly inactivated
by chemical agents such as lipid insolvent. Mumps is also caused by a virus.
However, it is a paramyxovirus. In contrast, the mumps virus has a
single-stranded RNA genome. It is rapidly inactivated by chemical agents, heat,
and ultraviolet light. The third disease, smallpox, is highly contagious. The
cause of smallpox can be traced to a DNA virus. This virus is a member of the
genus orthopoxvirus. These viruses are among the largest and most complex of
all viruses. They can be inactivated
by heat, ultraviolet light, and certain chemical agents.
In
addition to etiology, the three diseases can be compared according to clinical
features. Rubella has an incubation period of 12-23 days. In
younger children, a prodrome – a symptom indicating an approaching disease – is
rare. Symptoms are usually mild. A rash is commonly the first manifestation of
rubella in this age group. In contrast to the incubation period for rubella,
mumps has an incubation period of 14-18 days. Prodromal symptoms are usually
non-specific. Parotitis is the most common manifestation of mumps. The third
disease has an incubation period of approximately 12 days following infection
by the virus. During the first phase of smallpox, symptoms include a high
fever, back and muscle pain, and sometimes vomiting.
Directions: Examine the first paragraph. The first sentence should
reveal the general topic, and the final sentence should contain the essay’s
thesis and purpose. If it does not contain them, go to the last paragraph. Does
its first sentence contain a thesis sentence? If it does not, then you have an
unstated thesis. The body paragraphs will give you clues by which you can infer
the thesis.
Rubella,
mumps, and smallpox are acute viral diseases. They were once considered to be
common childhood illnesses. Rubella, first described in German medical
literature in 1814, was initially thought to be a variant of measles or scarlet
fever. In contrast, symptoms of the second disease, mumps, were described by
Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C.
However, mumps was viewed primarily as an illness affecting armies.
Smallpox is a highly contagious viral disease that used to develop into
worldwide epidemics. However, nowadays, it has been nearly eradicated. This
essay will look at these three diseases.
1.
The
general topic of this essay is probably _____.
a.
three
diseases
b.
viral
diseases
c.
rubella,
mumps, and smallpox
2.
Does
the last sentence of this paragraph contain a specific thesis?
a.
Yes
b.
No
3.
What
should you do now?
a.
Look
at the first sentence of paragraph 2.
b.
Look
at the first sentence of paragraph 3.
c.
Look
at the first sentence of paragraph 4.
Finally, rubella, mumps, and smallpox can be
distinguished according to diagnosis.
4.
Does
this sentence appear to be a thesis sentence?
a.
Yes
b.
No
5.
On
what did you base your answer to question 4?
a.
The
word “finally” indicates an introductory paragraph.
b.
The
word “finally” indicates a concluding paragraph.
c.
The
word “finally” indicates a final main point (body) paragraph.
6.
What
word(s) in the topic sentence indicate(s) a possible thesis?
a.
rubella,
mumps, and smallpox
b.
can
be distinguished
c.
diagnosis
7.
Based
on question 6, what is a possible purpose of this reading?
a.
definition
b.
comparison
and contrast
c.
process
Directions: Look
at the first and last sentences of subsequent paragraphs. Do their first
sentences appear to be main points that support your tentative thesis? If they
do not, you may have to infer the paragraphs’ topics based on reading the
entire paragraph. Do they contain words that may help you infer the thesis of
the reading?
The
first aspect to be investigated is cause. Infection by a virus, the rubella
virus, leads to rubella. It is classified as a togavirus. It is an enveloped
RNA virus that does not cross-react with other members of the togavirus group.
This virus is relatively unstable. It is rapidly inactivated by chemical agents
such as lipid insolvent. Mumps is also caused by a virus. However, it is a
paramyxovirus. In contrast, the mumps virus has a single-stranded RNA genome.
It is rapidly inactivated by chemical agents, heat, and ultraviolet light. The
third disease, smallpox, is highly contagious. The cause of smallpox can be
traced to a DNA virus. This virus is a member of the genus orthopoxvirus. These
viruses are among the largest and most complex of all viruses. They can be inactivated by heat, ultraviolet
light, and certain chemical agents.
8.
The
topic of this paragraph is _____.
a.
Rubella,
mumps, and smallpox can be defined by one aspect.
b.
Rubella,
mumps, and smallpox have specific causes.
c.
The
causes of rubella, mumps, and smallpox lead to definite effects.
9.
Is/Are
there word/words that hint at the reading’s purpose?
a.
Yes
b.
No
In
addition to etiology, the three diseases can be compared according to clinical
features. Rubella has an incubation period of 12-23 days. In younger children,
a prodrome – a symptom indicating an approaching disease – is rare. Symptoms
are usually mild. A rash is commonly the first manifestation of rubella in this
age group. In contrast to the incubation period for rubella, mumps has an
incubation period of 14-18 days. Prodromal symptoms are usually non-specific.
Parotitis is the most common manifestation of mumps. The third disease has an
incubation period of approximately 12 days following infection by the virus. During
the first phase of smallpox, symptoms include a high fever, back and muscle
pain, and sometimes vomiting.
10.
The
topic of this paragraph is _____.
a.
The
three diseases have causes and clinical features.
b.
The
three diseases can be compared according to clinical features.
c.
The
three diseases can be compared according to cause and clinical features.
11.
What
word hints at the reading’s purpose?
a.
compared
b.
etiology
c.
features
Finally, rubella, mumps, and
smallpox can be distinguished according to diagnosis. The first disease can be
diagnosed in two ways. Many illnesses with clinical manifestations of rash can
mimic rubella infection. Therefore, one reliable evidence of rubella infection
is the presence of rubella-specific IgM antibodies. A rise in rubella
antibodies or the presence of serum rubella IgM confirms the diagnosis of
rubella. Likewise, mumps can be diagnosed from clinical specimens or serology.
However, mumps is usually suspected based on the clinical manifestation of
parotitis. Clinical specimens are used to confirm smallpox infection. In
addition, the clinical manifestation of a rash that is most dense on the face
and extremities is another method of diagnosis.
12.
The
topic of this paragraph is ___.
a.
The
three diseases can be compared according to clinical features.
b.
The
three diseases have clinical features.
c.
Clinical
features of the diseases are rubella, mumps, and smallpox.
13.
Based
on answers to questions 6, 7 and 11, what can you logically infer as the purpose
of this reading?
a.
definition
b.
comparison
and contrast
c.
process
14.
Based
on the topic sentences of paragraphs 2, 3 and 4, this reading has a _____
pattern of organization.
a.
point-by-point
b.
block
Directions: As you reread the body paragraphs, look for major
supports.
1The
first aspect to be investigated is cause. Infection by a virus, the rubella virus,
leads to rubella. 2It is classified as a togavirus. 3It
is an enveloped RNA virus that does not cross-react with other members of the
togavirus group. 4This virus is relatively unstable. 5It
is rapidly inactivated by chemical agents such as lipid insolvent. 6Mumps
is also caused by a virus. 7However, it is a paramyxovirus. 8In
contrast, the mumps virus has a single-stranded RNA genome. 9It
is rapidly inactivated by chemical agents, heat, and ultraviolet light. 10The
third disease, smallpox, is highly contagious. 11The cause of
smallpox can be traced to a DNA virus. 12This virus is a
member of the genus orthopoxvirus. 13These viruses are among
the largest and most complex of all viruses. 14They can be
inactivated by heat, ultraviolet light, and certain chemical agents.
15.
How
many possible causes (major supports) are identified?
a.
2
b.
3
c.
4
16.
What
are the possible causes (major supports) of the diseases?
a.
togavirus
(rubella), paramyxovirus (mumps), and orthopoxvirus (smallpox)
b.
rubella
virus (rubella), paramyxovirus (mumps), and smallpox virus (smallpox)
c. rubella virus (rubella), mumps virus (mumps), and a DNA virus (smallpox)
17.
Which
sentences should be excluded because they include details?
a.
sentences
1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14
b.
sentences
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14
c.
sentences
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14
1In
addition to etiology, the three diseases can be compared according to clinical
features. 2Rubella has an incubation period of 12-23 days. 3In
younger children, a prodrome – a symptom indicating an approaching disease – is
rare. 4Symptoms are usually mild. 5A rash
is commonly the first manifestation of rubella in this age group. 6In
contrast to the incubation period for rubella, mumps has an incubation period
of 14-18 days. 7Prodromal symptoms are usually non-specific. 8Parotitis
is the most common manifestation of mumps. 9The third disease
has an incubation period of approximately 12 days following infection by the
virus. 10During the first phase of smallpox, symptoms include
a high fever, back and muscle pain, and sometimes vomiting.
18.
The
diseases can be compared according to how many clinical features?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
19.
What
are the clinical features?
a.
incubation
periods and symptoms
b.
incubation
periods, prodromes, and common manifestations
c.
incubation
periods and prodromes
20.
Which
sentences should be excluded because they include details?
a.
sentences
2, 5, 8, 10
b.
sentences
3, 5, 8, 10
c.
sentences
4, 5, 8, 10
1Finally, rubella, mumps, and
smallpox can be distinguished according to diagnosis. 2The
first disease can be diagnosed in two ways. 3Many illnesses
with clinical manifestations of rash can mimic rubella infection. 4Therefore,
one reliable evidence of rubella infection is the presence of rubella-specific
IgM antibodies. 5A rise in rubella antibodies or the presence
of serum rubella IgM confirms the diagnosis of rubella. 6Likewise,
mumps can be diagnosed from clinical specimens or serology. 7However,
mumps is usually suspected based on the clinical manifestation of parotitis. 8Clinical
specimens are used to confirm smallpox infection. 9In
addition, the clinical manifestation of a rash that is most dense on the face
and extremities is another method of diagnosis.
21.
How
many major supports does this paragraph contain?
a.
2
b.
3
c.
4
22.
What
are they?
a.
diagnosis
on the basis of clinical specimen and serum
b.
diagnosis
on the basis of clinical specimen, serum, and symptoms
c.
diagnosis
on the basis of clinical specimen, IgM antibodies, serum, and symptoms
23.
Which
sentence contains details that should be excluded?
a.
sentence
1
b.
sentence
3
c.
sentence
7
Directions: Without
looking the outlined sentences, write a paragraph based on your outline. It
should include the article’s thesis, main points, and major supports. Be sure
to include the original article’s title and author.
24.
Which
of the following paragraphs best summarizes the original article?
a. In “Three
Diseases,” the author compares rubella, mumps, and smallpox on the basis of
their cause, clinical features, and diagnosis. All three result from infection
by a virus. The rubella virus is responsible for rubella whereas the mumps
virus causes mumps, and a DNA virus triggers smallpox. Furthermore, the three
diseases can be compared according to their clinical features. Their incubation
periods range from 12-23 days for rubella and 14-18 days for mumps to
approximately 12 days for smallpox. While prodromes are rare in rubella
patients, they do appear in mumps and smallpox patients although they are
non-specific. Diagnosis is the final aspect by which the three diseases can be
compared. Both rubella and mumps are diagnosed by clinical specimens or serology.
While clinical specimens can be used for diagnosis of smallpox, it and mumps
can be diagnosed by clinical manifestations.
b. Ann
Marris, in “Three Diseases,” compares rubella, mumps, and smallpox on the basis
of their cause, clinical features, and diagnosis. All three result from
infection by a virus. The rubella virus is responsible for rubella whereas the
mumps virus causes mumps, and a DNA virus triggers smallpox. Smallpox is highly
contagious. Furthermore, the three diseases can be compared according to their
clinical features. Their incubation periods range from 12-23 days for rubella
and 14-18 days for mumps to approximately 12 days for smallpox. While prodromes
are rare in rubella patients, they do appear in mumps and smallpox patients
although they are non-specific. Diagnosis is the final aspect by which the
three diseases can be compared. Both rubella and mumps are diagnosed by
clinical specimens or serology. While clinical specimens can be used for
diagnosis of smallpox, it and mumps can be diagnosed by clinical
manifestations.
c. Rubella,
mumps, and smallpox can be compared according to their cause, clinical
features, and diagnosis. All three result from infection by a virus. The rubella
virus is responsible for rubella whereas the mumps virus causes mumps, and a
DNA virus triggers smallpox. Furthermore, the three diseases can be compared
according to their clinical features. Their incubation periods range from 12-23
days for rubella and 14-18 days for mumps to approximately 12 days for
smallpox. While prodromes are rare in rubella patients, they do appear in mumps
and smallpox patients although they are non-specific. Diagnosis is the final
aspect by which the three diseases can be compared. Both rubella and mumps are
diagnosed by clinical specimens or serology. While clinical specimens can be
used for diagnosis of smallpox, it and mumps can be diagnosed by clinical
manifestations.
d. Ann
Marris, in “Three Diseases,” compares rubella, mumps, and smallpox on the basis
of their cause, clinical features, and diagnosis. All three result from
infection by a virus. The rubella virus is responsible for rubella whereas the
mumps virus causes mumps, and a DNA virus triggers smallpox. Furthermore, the
three diseases can be compared according to their clinical features. Their
incubation periods range from 12-23 days for rubella and 14-18 days for mumps to
approximately 12 days for smallpox. While prodromes are rare in rubella
patients, they do appear in mumps and smallpox patients although they are
non-specific. Diagnosis is the final aspect by which the three diseases can be
compared. Both rubella and mumps are diagnosed by clinical specimens or serology.
While clinical specimens can be used for diagnosis of smallpox, it and mumps
can be diagnosed by clinical manifestations.
25.
Referring
to question 24, why is this the best summary?
a.
It
contains the name of the article’s title and author.
b.
It
contains the thesis, main points, and major supports of the original article,
but it does not contain minor points.
c.
All
information is presented in the order they are listed in the original article.
d.
All
of the above