B |
Directions – First
Listening: You
have one minute to review possible answers to questions below and
on the next page. Then, you will hear a lecture. As you listen to the lecture,
take notes on the thesis, main points, and major supports.
Directions – After the
First Listening: You have five minutes to review
the notes you have just taken.
Directions – Second
Listening: Listen to the lecture again. This time, as you
listen, take notes on minor supports and details.
Directions – After the
Second Listening: Review the notes you took during both listenings as well as possible
answers to questions below and on the next page. You have five minutes
to do this.
Directions - Questions: You will hear the question twice. Listen
carefully, and then choose the letter next to the best answer based on
what you heard in the lecture. Mark all of your
answers on the Scantron sheet. Only answers marked on the Scantron sheet will
be graded.
1.
Question: What is another
name for closed angle glaucoma?
a.
Secondary glaucoma
b.
chronic glaucoma
c.
congenital glaucoma
d. acute glaucoma
2.
Question: Damage to the
optic nerve occurs suddenly?
a.
True
b.
False
c. Not mentioned in the listening
3.
Question: How does
pressure increase within the eye in chronic glaucoma?
a.
The fine fluid outlet
channels become smaller.
b.
The optic nerve pushes
on the retina.
c.
The blood supply is
lost.
d. The iris blocks the drainage of fluid.
4. Question: What carries vision from the eye to the brain?
a.
the retina
b.
the optic nerve
c.
the iris
d.
the blood supply
5. Question: What happens when the aqueous humor does not drain properly?
a.
It destroys the nerve
cells.
b.
It stops being produced.
c.
It produces pressure
on the optic nerve and the retina.
d.
all of the above
6. Question: What happens first when blood supply to the optic nerve is reduced?
a. Blind spots develop.
b. Individual nerve cells slowly die.
c. Blindness occurs.
d. Peripheral vision is affected.
7.
Question: Chronic
glaucoma always affects both eyes?
a.
True
b.
False
c.
Not mentioned in the
listening
8.
Question: Which is not a
noticeable symptom of chronic glaucoma?
a.
blurred vision
b.
loss of peripheral
vision
c.
chronic headaches
d.
neither a, b, nor c
9. Question: Early detection of chronic glaucoma is only possible through regular eye examinations.
a.
True
b. False
c. Not mentioned in the listening.
10. Question: Which is not a beta-adrenergic blocking agent?
a. Timolol
b. Betagan
c. Epinephrine
d. OptiPranolol
11. Question: Which of the following does the drug Xalatan do?
a.
helps drain aqueous
outflow
b.
helps reduced
intraocular pressure
c.
neither a nor b
d. both a and b
12. Question: Oral medications may not be prescribed when using topical drops?
a. True
b.
False
c. Not mentioned in the listening
13. Question: Which is a treatment for open angle glaucoma?
a. beta-adrenergic blocking agents
b. topical drops
c. laser surgery
d.
all of the above
14. Question: Surgery creates new outflow channels, thus increasing pressure in the eye.
a. True
b.
False
c. Not mentioned in the listening
15. Question: The aim of the drugs used to treat open angle glaucoma is to reduce the intraocular pressure.
a.
True
b. False
c. Not mentioned in the listening
C
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Dysentery is a symptom of a potentially deadly illness. The term refers to any case of infectious bloody diarrhea, a scourge that kills as many as 700,000 people worldwide every year. Although many severe cases of diarrhea have been called dysentery, the word properly refers to a disease caused either by a specific amoeba, Entamoeba histolytica, or a bacillus of the genus Shigella. Entamoeba histolytica results in amoebic dysentery or its milder form, amoebiasis. Certain nonmotile bacteria of the genus Shigella cause bacillary dysentery, also called shigellosis. Amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery have a number of common characteristics as well as differences. Both bacillary dysentery and amoebic dysentery are spread by fecal contamination of food and water and are most common where sanitation is poor. They are primarily diseases of the tropics but may occur in any climate. Amoebic dysentery is prevalent in warm climates and in developing countries where drinking water and body wastes are, more often than not, not kept separate. It is particularly common in Mexico, South America, areas in the west and south of Africa, India, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Malnourished people, pregnant women, and people who have cancer are particularly at risk of contracting amoebic dysentery. Bacillary dysentery is also prevalent in areas where poverty interferes with good sanitation and hygiene practices. Young children of ages 1-4 are especially prone to contracting this disease. In addition, one of the important features of bacillary dysentery is its ability to cause epidemics in which huge numbers of people, in some cases, hundreds of thousands, develop the disease over a short period. In the past few decades such epidemics have occurred in Central America, Central Africa, India, and Bangladesh. As both amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery are highly infectious, risk of both diseases is higher among people living in nursing homes or other institutions and among sexually active homosexual populations. Both amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery occur through the ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water. Flies may serve as mechanical vectors carrying the cysts to spread the amoeba from the feces of infected people to food. Flies also carry the bacteria on their feet or in their saliva and feces and deposit them on food. Ants are also believed to spread the diseases. Person-to-person contact with an infected person or a carrier (who may or may not have symptoms) or touching something contaminated such as a plate and then touching one’s mouth can also result in contracting the diseases. Another source of transmission is food that has been handled by someone who is infected. The initial symptoms of both amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery are similar. They include abdominal pain and cramps, rectal pain, frequent diarrhea characterized by liquid stools and flecked blood and/or mucus, fever, chills, loss of appetite, weight loss, headache, fatigue, dehydration, and ulceration of the walls of the large intestine. While vomiting may be a symptom of bacillary dysentery, it is less likely to occur with amoebic dysentery. Attacks of bacillary dysentery are sudden and severe after the incubation period, which is 12-72 hours. The incubation period is the time between the invasion of the body by the bacteria and the first appearance of symptoms. Bacillary dysentery generally does not last longer than a week but is highly contagious and can be fatal in the very young, old, or infirm. It may also cause neurological complications such as stiff neck, seizures, and shock as well as severe arthritis and imbalance of chemicals in the body. In contrast, amoebic dysentery is often more gradual in the onset of symptoms. These usually appear 2-4 weeks after the initial infection but may occur as soon as eight days later. Although amoebic dysentery is less violent than bacillary dysentery and rarely fatal, it takes longer to cure. It is what is known as a non-self-limiting disease. That is, it will persist until treated properly and can recur and cause long-term health problems. Unlike bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery is characterized by manifestations of organ involvement if untreated. The amoeba may spread to the liver, causing hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) or a liver abscess (walled off area of infection within the liver). The amoeba may then spread beyond the liver to the lungs, brain, skin, diaphragm, or pericardium (the sac that holds the heart). Both amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery are diagnosed
through stool analysis to distinguish them from other infections causing
bloody diarrhea, but their methods of treatment are different. Immediate
treatment for both diseases involves the administration of rehydrating
solution – water mixed with salt and sugar – to prevent further dehydration
and loss of vital body fluids. However, bacillary dysentery is treated with antibiotics
whereas amoebic dysentery is treated with antimicrobial drugs. Sulphonamides,
tetracycline, and streptomycin were effective in curing bacillary dysentery
until drug-resistant strains emerged. Chloramphenicol and quinolones
such as norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin are now sometimes used to treat these
strains. Amoebic dysentery, on the other hand, usually calls for a
two-pronged attack. Treatment should start with a course of the antimicrobial
drug metronidazole (Flagyl). To ensure that the parasite is killed, a course
of diloxanide furoate, paromomycin, or iodoquinol is prescribed. This
treatment eliminates cysts from the stool, thus preventing
transmission of the disease to close contacts such as family members. |
Directions:
Answer the following questions based on the reading by choosing the best
answer. Mark all of your answers on the Scantron sheet. Only answers marked
on the Scantron sheet will be graded.
16.
Compared
with people living in institutions and sexually active homosexuals, other
people have _____ of contracting both amoebic and bacillary dysentery.
a.
no
risk
b.
less risk
c.
a
greater risk
d.
an
equal risk
17.
In
amoebic dysentery, vomiting is _____.
a.
a
usual symptom
b.
an unusual symptom
c.
not
a symptom
d.
always
a symptom
18.
The
incubation period for amoebic dysentery is _____ that for bacillary dysentery.
a.
longer than
b.
the
same as
c.
shorter
than
d.
not
given
19.
Long-term
health problems occur in amoebic dysentery because _____.
a.
its
symptoms appear gradually
b.
it
is rarely fatal
c.
it is not self-limiting
d.
it
is less violent than bacillary dysentery
20.
If
amoebic dysentery is untreated, a possible sequence of infection is _____.
a.
lungs,
liver, intestine
b.
intestine,
lungs, liver
c.
intestine, liver, lungs
d.
liver,
lungs, intestine
21.
Based
on the reading, you can logically infer that doctors, when treating bacillary
dysentery, should prescribe antibiotics _____.
a.
only
during epidemics
b.
only
to prevent epidemics
c.
on
an unlimited basis
d.
on a case-by-case basis
22.
Based
on the reading, you can logically infer that one way to prevent both diseases
is by _____.
a.
drinking
unclean water
b.
eating
uncooked meat and vegetables
c.
disposing
of human waste in clean water
d.
washing hands carefully
23.
Based
on the reading, you can logically infer that the function of a cyst is to _____
the amoeba.
a.
protect
b.
ingest
c.
kill
d.
infect
24.
The
word “prevalent” in paragraph 2 means _____.
a.
preventable
b.
widespread
c.
uncommon
d.
avoidable
25.
The word “recur” in paragraph 6 means _____.
a.
advance
b.
reappear
c.
begin
d.
disappear
26.
The
word “emerged” in paragraph 7 means _____.
a.
vanished
b.
evaporated
c.
appeared
d.
combined
27.
The
word “eliminates” in paragraph 7 means _____.
a.
saves
b.
reduces
c.
removes
d.
produces
28.
“Its
milder form” in paragraph 1 refers to _____.
a.
amoebic
dysentery
b.
amoebiasis
c.
Entamoeba histolytica
d.
Shigella
29.
“Them”
in paragraph 4 refers to _____.
a.
feces
b.
bacteria
c.
feet
d.
diseases
30.
“They”
in paragraph 5 refers to _____.
a.
cramps
b.
amoebic
dysentery and bacillary dysentery
c.
liquid
stools
d.
initial symptoms
31.
“It”
in paragraph 5 refers to _____.
a.
arthritis
b.
bacillary dysentery
c.
shock
d.
the
body
32.
An
appropriate title for the article would be _____.
a.
Amoebic
Dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery: Potentially Deadly Illnesses
b.
A
Description of Amoebic Dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery
c.
Diseases
of the Tropics
d.
A Comparison of Amoebic Dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery
33.
What
is the method of organization of this article?
a.
point-by-point
method
b.
block method
c.
comparison
method
d.
contrast
method
34.
What
is the main idea of paragraph 4?
a.
a description of how the diseases are transmitted
b.
a
description of contaminated food and water associated with the two diseases
c.
a
description of the bacteria associated with the two disease
d.
a
description of people infected with the two diseases
35.
Which
paragraph provides information on identifying the various types of diseases
associated with the presence of blood in feces?
a.
paragraph
5
b.
paragraph 7
c.
paragraph
6
d.
neither
a, b, nor c
D
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Directions: Answer the following
questions by choosing the best answer. Mark all of your answers on
the Scantron sheet. Only answers marked on the Scantron sheet will be graded.
36. The meaning of the term “paracystitis” is _____.
a.
inflammation around the
appendix
b.
inflammation around the
vagina
c.
inflammation around
the bladder (Frame 991)
d.
inflammation around the
kidney
37. The term for “downward” is _____.
a.
dorsal
b.
cephalic
c.
ventral
d.
caudal (Frame 840)
38. The term for “destruction of color (in a cell)” is
_____.
a.
chromogenesis
b.
chromometer
c.
chromolysis (Frame
867)
d.
chromophilic
39. The meaning of the term “control of flow in veins” is
_____.
a.
Lymphostasis
b.
phlebostasis (885)
c.
hemostasis
d.
arteriostasis
40. The term for “excessive thirst” is _____.
a.
dipsomania
b.
dipsosis
c.
polydromal
d.
polydipsia (Frame
829)
41. The term used to refer to any kind of tumor or new
growth is _____.
a.
plasm
b.
neoblast
c.
neonatal
d.
neoplasm (Frame 1315)
42. The meaning of the term “yellow vision” is _____.
a.
chloropia
b.
xanthopia (Frame 906)
c.
erythropia
d.
cyanopia
43. The meaning of the term “crypt” is _____.
a.
organ
b.
inflammation
c.
hidden (Frame 957)
d.
excision
44. The meaning of the term “endoderm” is _____.
a.
an embryonic disc of
cells
b.
the outer germ layer of
tissue in humans
c.
the middle germ layer of
tissue in humans
d.
the inner germ layer
of tissue in humans (Frame 967)
45. The term for “destruction of a thrombus” is _____.
a.
thrombosis
b.
thrombocyte
c.
thrombolysis (Frame
1404)
d.
thromboid